The existing 3D-printed scaffolds commonly possess a thick feature size of hundreds of micrometers, which is too large for most cells (10–20 μm) to attach and proliferate for promoting tissue ...

This flexibility enables the fabrication of composite structures that best replicate the physiological conditions that surround the tissue, such as mechanical properties and topographical cues. 10 Due ...

Research into 3D bioprinting has grown rapidly in recent years as scientists seek to re-create the structure and function of complex biological systems from human tissues to entire organs. Researchers ...