Logic studies how arguments work, and how ideas can fit together. Decision theory studies how decisions should be made, especially under uncertainty. Game theory considers how we reason strategically, ...

Fuzzy logic extends classical bivalent reasoning by allowing propositions to take continuous truth-values between 0 and 1, thereby modelling graded uncertainty and vagueness in a formal setting.

Many attempts to develop artificial intelligence are powered by powerful systems of mathematical logic. They tend to produce results that make logical sense to a computer program — but the result is ...