Hypertension causes characteristic changes in the eyes, particularly in the retina, known as hypertensive retinopathy. The signs of hypertensive eye damage include constricted and tortuous arterioles, retinal hemorrhages, hard exudates, cotton-wool spots, retinal edema, papilledema (optic disc swelling), and arteriovenous crossing changes. These changes may also include copper or silver wiring appearance of the arterioles due to chronic hypertension. Vision symptoms can range from none in mild s